Kaur Ramandeep1*, Begum Nilavansa S.2, Kaur
Amritpal3
1Student
(M.Sc. Nursing), SGL Nursing College, Jalandhar
2Associate
Professor, HOD Community Department, SGL Nursing College, Jalandhar
3Assistant
Professor, SGL Nursing College, Jalandhar
Corresponding Author Email: Kaurramandeep54@yahoo.in,
S.neelavansabegum@gmail.com, amritpalbajwa2007@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT:
The
main aim of the study was to provide knowledge regarding organ donation among
young adults, so that they get motivated towards organ donation and help in
saving the lives of others. Quasi experimental (Non randomized pre-test
post-test control group) design was selected for the study. Convenience
sampling technique was used to select 100 young adults from DAV College and Lyallpur
Khalsa College of Jalandhar,
Punjab. Self structured knowledge questionnaire and attitude scale regarding
organ donation was used. Data was analysed by using
descriptive (mean, standard deviation, percentage) and inferential statistics
(ANOVA, t - test). The pre-test mean knowledge score was 12.52 of experimental
group and 12.60 of control group whereas post-test mean knowledge score was
19.14 of experimental group and 13.62 of control group. The pre-test mean
attitude score was 35.88 of experimental group and 35.82 of control group
whereas post-test mean attitude score was 42.56 of experimental group and 36.86
of control group. It was found that there was significant increase in the mean
knowledge and mean attitude score in experimental group than in control
group. The study concluded that
structured teaching programme was effective in
providing knowledge and changing the attitude regarding organ donation among
young adults. The findings of the study revealed that only gender was
associated with knowledge of young adults regarding organ donation and only
religion was associated with attitude of young adults towards organ donation.
Other socio-demographic variables were not associated.
KEYWORDS: Organ
donation, Young adults, Knowledge and Attitude.
INTRODUCTION:
Organ and tissue transplantation
has become literally a life saving hope for many people. The one organ donor
can save 8 lives and change the lives
more than 50 people.1 There are many terminal diseases like heart
failure, terminal lung illness, kidney failure etc
can be cured by the transplantation.2
Organ donation is
legal by law because the Government of India has enacted "The
Transplantation of Human Organs Act 1994" Act No.42, which has
allowed organ donation and legalized brain death.3 In Britain the
rate of deceased organ donation was 17 per million, in Spain it was 35 per
million but in India only 0.8 per million.4 In the United States
6,229 patients died because of the shortage of organ donors. Of these, 4,217
were awaiting kidney only.5 In Canada, 2169 life saving organs transplants
were performed. Unfortunately, 303 people died while waiting for organ
transplant.6 In Australia, 1,46,500 people died awaiting for
organ transplantation.7 In India total number of organ donors
in Andhra Pradesh are 41, Kerala 44, Delhi 27, Tamil Nadu 110 only and in
Punjab donation rate is negligible. This number is very less to meet the
demands of organ donation.8 Lack of awareness along with myths and
misconceptions add to the low percentage of organ donation. Young adults
represents the future of the society and have a direct influence on family
members and friends. A favourable attitude of the
young adults in this matter not only means a positive personnel attitude
towards organ donation, but it can also be the determining factor for authorizing
donation when faced with the death of a family member. After attending
structured teaching programme, trained young adults
become quality transmitters, propagators in their own sphere of influence,
which goes beyond not only the family but also involves the community level for
organ donation procedure.34
REVIEW OF LITERATURE:
Annadurai K, Mani K, et
al (2012) conducted cross sectional study on
knowledge, attitude and practices about organ donation among college students
in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. 75% respondents were in favour
of organ donation, but only about 2% were registered for organ donation.9
Almeida N., Almeida A. et al (2013). Conducted a cross sectional
study on Community Attitudes Toward Kidney Donation in Mumbai, India. This study resulted that
participants had an average level of awareness regarding kidney donation and a
neutral attitude. 10
Cantarovich F. (2012). Conducted a study on improvement in organ
shortage through education. The study revealed that mass media play vital role
in spreading awareness. 11
OPERATIONAL
DEFINITION:
Effectiveness- It refers to the extent to which the
structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding
organ donation has achieved the desired effect in improving the knowledge and
attitude among young adults.
Structured teaching programme:
It refers to
planned, systematic and purposeful teaching programme
regarding organ donation with teaching aids used to impart knowledge among
young adults.
Knowledge:
It refers to
factual and measurable information of the young adults regarding organ
donation.
Attitude:
It refers to the
opinions expressed by young adults regarding organ donation.
Organ donation:
It is the donation
of biological tissue (cornea) or organ (kidney) of the human body, from a
living or dead person to a living recipient in need of transplantation.
Young adults:
Adults of age between 18-25 years who are
studying in selected colleges of Jalandhar, studying
in arts stream .
OBJECTIVES:
1.
To assess the knowledge regarding organ donation among young
adults before structured teaching programme in
experimental group and control group.
2.
To assess the attitude regarding organ donation among young adults
before structured teaching programme in experimental
group and control group.
3.
To assess the knowledge regarding organ donation among young
adults after structured teaching programme in
experimental group and control group.
4.
To assess the attitude regarding organ donation among young adults
after structured teaching programme in experimental
group and control group.
5.
To assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding organ donation among young
adults in experimental group.
6.
To assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on attitude regarding organ donation among young
adults in experimental group.
7.
To determine the association between the knowledge regarding organ
donation among young adults with selected socio demographic variables in
experimental and control group.
8.
To determine the association between the attitude regarding organ
donation among young adults with selected socio demographic variables in
experimental and control group.
Hypothesis:
H1-The mean post test knowledge and attitude
score regarding organ donation will be significantly higher in experimental group
than control group.
H0- The mean
post test knowledge and attitude score regarding organ donation will not be
significantly higher in experimental group than control group.
Research
design:
A Quasi Experimental (Non Randomised pre-test
post test control group design).
Research Setting:
The present study was conducted at DAV
College Jalandhar and Lyallpur Khalsa
College Jalandhar,
Punjab.
Population:
It comprised of all the young adults
studying in Colleges of Jalandhar, Punjab.
Target Population: It comprised of young adults studying at DAV
College and Lyallpur Khalsa College Jalandhar, Punjab.
Sample:
Sample comprised of young adults studying in
arts stream.
Sample size:
Sample size comprised of 100 young adults
studying at DAV College and Lyallpur Khalsa College Jalandhar, Punjab.
Sampling technique:
Convenience sampling technique was adopted
to select the sample.
Variables
·
Independent
Variable: Structured
teaching programme regarding organ donation.
·
Dependent
Variable: Knowledge and attitude
of young adults regarding organ donation.
Description of the tool
The tool was
divided in four parts:
Part -A Socio-demographic
variables- This part consisted of 7 items for obtaining
information about socio demographic variables such as age, gender, religion,
education, source of information, family income and residence.
Part -B Self
Structured questionnaire on Knowledge regarding organ donation.
This part consisted of 24 items of
structured knowledge questionnaire for obtaining level of knowledge of young
adults regarding organ donation. Each correct answer was awarded 1 mark and
incorrect answer was awarded 0 marks.
Part
- C Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge regarding organ donation.
This section consisted of structured
teaching programme to provide knowledge regarding
organ donation to young adults.
Part -D Attitude scale regarding organ donation.
This part consisted of 6 positive items and
6 negative items i.e. total 12 items of attitude scale for obtaining level of
attitude of young adults regarding organ donation. Five point rating scale was
used. For positive items 5 marks given to strongly agree, 4 marks to agree, 3
marks to uncertain, 2 marks to disagree and 1 marks to strongly disagree and
for negative items 1 marks given to strongly agree, 2 marks to agree, 3 marks
to uncertain, 4 marks to disagree and 5 marks to strongly disagree.
Criterion
measure for knowledge
Criterion measure used in the study is as follows:
|
Level of knowledge |
Score |
Percentage |
|
Excellent |
20-24 |
83.33% - 100% |
|
Good |
14-19 |
58.33% - 79.17% |
|
Average |
08-13 |
33.33% - 54.17% |
|
Poor |
00-07 |
0-29.16% |
Criterion
measure for attitude
Criterion measure used in the study is as follows:
|
Level of attitude |
Score |
Percentage |
|
Strongly positive |
51-60 |
85.00% - 10,0% |
|
Positive |
38-50 |
63.33% - 83.33% |
|
Neutral |
25-37 |
41.67% - 61.67% |
|
Negative |
13-24 |
21.67% - 40.00% |
|
Strongly negative |
01-12 |
0.1% - 20.00% |
Validity of the tool and content – It was determined by the expert’s opinion
on the relevance of items.
Reliability of tool - It is the degree of consistency or
dependability with which an instrument measures the attributes. Reliability was
established by Test Retest method by using Karl’s Pearson co-efficient of
co-relation. Reliability of questionnaire was 0.75 and reliability of attitude
scale was 0.92 which indicates that tool was reliable.
RESULT AND
DISCUSSION:
·
In control group 66% young adults had average knowledge regarding
organ donation followed by 34% young adults had good knowledge and no one had
excellent as well as poor knowledge regarding organ donation. In Experimental
group 74% young adults had average knowledge regarding organ donation followed
by 26% young adults had good knowledge and no one had excellent as well as poor
knowledge regarding organ donation.
·
The
findings were supported by Annadurai K, Mani K,
et al. (2013). conducted a cross
sectional study on knowledge, attitude and practices about organ donation among
college students in Chennai, Tamil Nadu among 440 students of aged 18 years
in Hindustan Arts & Science College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. The
students were interviewed with a pretested questionnaire. 86.1% were not aware
of legislation. 75% of respondents were in favor of organ donation, but only
about 2% were registered for organ donation. The result of the study showed
that though all the participants
were aware of the term organ donation but knowledge of participants regarding
different aspects was low.9
·
In control group 68% young adults had neutral attitude towards organ donation followed by 32% young
adults having positive attitude and no one had strongly positive, negative as
well as strongly negative attitude towards organ donation. In Experimental
group 70% young adults had neutral
attitude towards organ donation followed
by 30% young adults having positive attitude and no one had strongly positive,
negative as well as strongly negative attitude towards organ donation.
·
The findings of the second objective were supported by Iliyasu Z, Abubakar IS, et al.
(2014). conducted a study on awareness and predictors of public attitude toward
organ donation in Kano city in Northern Nigeria. Knowledge questionnaires were
used to assess the awareness regarding organ donation. The sample was collected
from 400 adults. 79.6% reported that they had heard about organ donation. 79.1%
were willing to donate an organ. The study result showed that they had positive
attitude towards organ donation.12
·
In control group 54% young adults had average knowledge regarding
organ donation followed by 46% young adults having good knowledge and no one
had excellent as well as poor knowledge regarding organ donation. In
Experimental group 52% young adults had excellent knowledge regarding organ
donation followed by 42% young adults having good knowledge, 6% had average
knowledge and no one had poor knowledge regarding organ donation.
·
In control group 56% young adults had neutral attitude towards
organ donation followed by 44% young adults having positive attitude and no one
had strongly positive, negative as well as strongly negative attitude towards
organ donation. In Experimental
group 80% young adults had neutral
attitude towards organ donation followed by 20% young adults having positive
attitude and no one had strongly positive, negative as well as strongly
negative attitude towards organ donation.
Table –
1 Comparison of pre test and post test knowledge score among young adults in
Experimental group N = 100
|
Control |
Experimental |
|||||
|
N |
Mean |
SD |
Mean |
SD |
Test value |
|
|
Pretest |
50 |
12.6 |
2.51 |
12.52 |
1.77 |
t=0.1837 |
|
Post test |
50 |
13.62 |
2.82 |
19.14 |
2.46 |
t=10.8521* |
|
t=1.9837 |
t=15.4039* |
|||||
Maximum score - 24, Minimum score – 00, *Significant at p<0.05
·
The findings were supported by Abbasi Dolatabadi Z. Farahani B. et al.
2010. conducted quasi experimental
study on Effect of education about brain death and organ donation on attitude
and knowledge of nursing students in Tehran. Sample size was 147 (72 cases and
75 controls) who were selected with purposive sampling. The study founded that
the attitude (p=0.18) and knowledge (p=0.71) of students in two groups did not
differ significantly before training. Education group students had a
significant improvement in attitude (p=0.02) and knowledge (p=0.001) after
training compared to the control group.13
·
In comparison, the post test mean knowledge score was 19.14 in
experimental group was higher than the post test mean knowledge score 13.62 in
control group and it was statistically significant at 5% level as calculated
‘t’ value (t=10.8521*) was more than the table value at 5% level of
significance. It showed that the post test of control and experimental group
were significantly related. Pre test and post test of experimental group was
also significantly related as calculated ‘t’ value (t=15.4039*) was more than
the table value at 5% level of significance. The difference in the mean pre
test and post test of control group was
6.62. Hence, H1 was accepted and H0 was rejected. It
showed that knowledge of young adults had increased with structured teaching programme and it had good impact on knowledge
regarding organ donation among young
adults.
·
In comparison the post test mean attitude score 42.56 in
experimental group was higher than the
post test mean attitude score 36.86 in control group and it was statistically
significant at 5% level as calculated ‘t’ value (t=6.9408*) was more than the
table value at 5% level of significance. It showed that post test of control and experimental group
were significantly related. Pre test and post test of experimental group was
also significantly related as calculated ‘t’ value (t=8.1311*) was more than
the table value at 5% level of significance. The difference in the mean pre
test and post test attitude was 6.68. Hence, H1 was accepted and H0
was rejected. It was concluded that structured teaching programme
was effective in increasing the attitude level of young adults.
·
The findings were supported by Cardenas V. et al (2010) conducted
a quasi experimental study on the effects of classroom education on knowledge
and attitude regarding organ donation in adolescents. The sample included 45%
African American, 30% Asian American, 33% Caucasian. Survey was administered to
all health classes 2 week prior to intervention. On intervention day classes
randomly assigned to intervention group received an educational session,
followed by a 2nd survey, in control classes, the 2nd survey was taken before
educational session. The study showed that adolescent in the intervention group
demonstrated a significant increase in knowledge scores p<0.001 as well as
positive movement of opinion regarding willingness to donate p<0.0001.14
·
For
association of post test mean knowledge score in both control and experimental
group with selected socio demographic variables, like age, gender, religion,
education, source of information, family income and residence were taken. The
result revealed that there was significant association of knowledge with gender
t= 2.2098* and education t=6.1828* of experimental group only.
·
For
association of post test mean attitude score in both control and experimental
group with selected socio demographic variables, like age, gender, religion,
education, source of information, family income and residence were taken. The
result revealed that there was significant association of attitude with gender
t= 2.0637* and religion t=2.1104* of control group and religion t= 2.7118* of
experimental group respectively.
Other
findings:
·
Only 40% of young adults knew the meaning of organ recipient. The
concept of brain death was clear to only 58% young adults. 54% knew that kidney
can be donated during life time. 54% young adults had the knowledge about
Transplantation of Human Organ Act prohibits commercial dealing of organs. Very
few 28% knew that the cornea was part of eye that can be transplanted commonly.
42% young adults knew the meaning of pledging of eyes. Half of the population
50% of young adults knew that after death eyes can be collected within 6 hours.
46% young adults knew that kidney failure was cured by kidney transplantation.
52% knew that blood relatives were most compatible kidney donors. 42% knew that
4 to 6 weeks are required by kidney donor to return their normal level of
activity. 43.60% thought that organ donation delay funeral arrangements. 68%
young adults thought that kidney donor will have to take medication throughout
life. 61.20% young adults knew that removal of eyes will not lead to
disfigurement of face. Half of the population did not know that person who had
undergone cataract operation can donate eyes. 70% believed that if they donate
their eyes in this life, they will be born blind to next life. 65% believed
that their religion did not allow them to donate their organ.
RECOMMENDATIONS:
On the basis of findings of the study
following recommendations are offered for further research:
·
Similar
study can be under taken a large sample to generalize the findings.
·
A
comparative study can be conducted to assess the knowledge and attitude
regarding organ donation between rural and urban population.
·
An
exploratory study to assess the misconceptions regarding organ donation .
·
Future research needs to examine the
impact of financial incentives on rates of deceased and living donors.
·
A survey can be conducted to assess the
satisfaction level regarding organ donation among organ recipient.
CONCLUSION:
The findings of the study had revealed that
the structured teaching programme was effective in
improving knowledge and attitude regarding organ donation among young adults.
REFERENCES:
1.
Become an organ donor. National Foundation for transplants.
Available at http://www.transplantorg./become-organ-donor.
2.
Organ transplantation. Medline Plus. National Institute of Health.
Available at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medline plus/organ transplantation.
3.
Government of India. The transplantation of Human Organ Act
994.Act no.42. 1994, Available at http://www.india.code.nic.in/fullact/asp tfnm=199442
4.
S. Shroff. Awareness needed on organ
donation. available at http://www.experts/healthmeup.comnewsbuzz/awareness-on-organ-donation.
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World Health Organisation. state of international organ trade. Bulletin
of World Health Organisation.2008.85(12).901-08
6.
Organ donor awareness- Kin Canada. Available at
http//www.KinCanada.ca/organ-donor-awareness.
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Australian organ donor register. Available at http//www.human
services.gov. australian- organ- donor- register.
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Organ donation figure. Available at http//www.mohanfoundation.org.
9.
Annadurai K. A cross sectional study on knowledge ,
attitude and practice about organ donation. Prog
Health Sci.2013.3(2).59
10.
N. Almeida. Community attitude towards kidney donation in India.
Transplantation proceeding. 2013.45(4):1307-09.
11.
Cantrovich F. Improvement in Organ Shortage through
education. Transplantation. 2002.73(11).1844-46.
12.
Iliyasu Z. Predictors of public attitude towards
living organ donation in Kano, Northern Nigeria. Saudi J Kidney
Dis.Transpl.2014.25(1)196-205.
13.
Abbasi Dolatabadi Z.
Effect of education about brain death on attitude and knowledge of nursing students.
Iranian journal of critical care nursing. 2010.3(3)109-12.
14.
Cardenas V. Effects of classroom education on knowledge and
attitude regarding organ donation in ethnically diverse urban high school.
Clinical transplant. 2010.24(6)784-93
Received on 29.08.2014 Modified on 16.09.2014
Accepted on 25.09.2014 © A&V Publication all right reserved
Asian J. Nur.
Edu. and Research 5(1): Jan.-March 2015; Page140-145
DOI: 10.5958/2349-2996.2015.00030.0